There was a panel on Command and Control (C2) Systems with Nahum Gershon of Mitre, Bill Wright of Visible Decisions and Steven Roth of CMU and Maya Viz. Unfortunately there was a wide area power outage just as Steven Roth was beginning his presentation. The panel struggled on without their slides, dimly lit by the emergency lighting and the glow from notebook computers. Several items of note came out of the discussion. First was the information in Bill Wright’s presentation on commercial C2 systems being installed in major corporations. Anderson Consulting has a $5mil demonstration room built in NYC for the financial market. SAP has installed their “Management Cockpit” systems in about 50 European boardrooms. Lucent Technologies also has a similar system, but it uses paper tacked on the wall instead of an integrated electronic display system. There was a short discussion about the role of ‘intuition’ versus ‘deeply ingrained expert knowledge’. Many people believe that command environments rely on intuition, but this may really be the result of long and deep training. The importance of other perceptual cues in a C2 environment were illustrated by two comments from the audience. One person described a telephone network control system that switched over from using mechanical flip cards to electronic displays. No one had understood that the sounds of rapidly changing flip cards gave the expert controllers a background cue as to the state of the system. Another person related the role of gestures in the airplane cockpit. Older aircraft had banks of controls requiring large arm motions. These have been replaced by small electronic displays in many modern aircraft. However, air crews can no longer gauge their partner’s activities by peripheral awareness of their gestures.